http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1228 Wed, 19 Jun 2013 22:07:43 GMT 2013-06-19T22:07:43Z http://si-pddr.si.edu:8080/dspace/retrieve/21971/anthro_Cover.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1228 http://hdl.handle.net/10088/19154 Title: Early Formative Period of Coastal Ecuador: The Valdivia and Machalilla Phases Authors: Meggers, Betty J.; Evans, Clifford; Estrada, Emilio Fri, 01 Jan 1965 05:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/19154 1965-01-01T05:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/17285 Title: Artifacts from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma Authors: Sievert, April K.; Rogers, J. Daniel; Urcid, Javier Abstract: This monograph presents the historical context and detailed descriptions of a remarkable collection of more than 20,000 artifacts from the Craig Mound at the Spiro site in eastern Oklahoma. Spiro is one of the key sites known for the Mississippian Period (ad 900–1500) of the eastern United States. Aside from the cultural importance of the site in regional history, the artifacts from Spiro provide an almost unique glimpse into the ceremonial life and artistic innovations of a people who developed an important but poorly known cultural tradition. Between 1933 and 1936 the Spiro site was looted, and artifacts were sold and traded to many collectors. Subsequently, professional archaeological excavations were conducted, and those collections primarily reside at the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History. The Smithsonian Spiro collection is under the care of the Department of Anthropology at the National Museum of Natural History. The collection came to the Museum through 14 accessions between 1936 and 1986. The largest portion was acquired from Harry M. Trowbridge in 1958. Of particular note in the collection are marine shells engraved with a wide variety of human and animal images. The collection also includes pigments, basketry, clothing with dyed designs, pipes, weapons, ornaments, containers, and figurines made from several different materials. Many of the artifacts are made from raw materials that were acquired by the Spiro people through an extensive trade network extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and from the upper Midwest in the north to central Mexico in the south. Description: Sievert, April K., with J. Daniel Rogers and contribution by Javier Urcid. Artifacts from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, number 49, xiv + 231 pages, 163 figures, 11 plates, 48 tables, 2011. Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/17285 2011-11-21T05:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/14802 Title: A chronology of middle Missouri Plains village sites Authors: Johnson, Craig M. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/14802 2007-01-01T05:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1375 Title: The Old World Paleolithic and the Development of a National Collection Authors: Petraglia, Michael; Potts, Richard Abstract: Beginning with the first accession of Paleolithic collections in 1869, the Smithsonian Institution and its scientific staff have shown great interest in pursuing research, education, and exhibition of early human lifeways. During the more than 130-year history of acquiring objects from the Old World, a total of 22,000 objects has been amassed from some 332 Lower to Upper Paleolithic localities. Certain objects are rare pieces from clas- sic Paleolithic localities, although many others were obtained as representative pieces for com- parative purposes and exhibition. Documents and letters of correspondence between Old and New World investigators provide the historical context of collection acquisition and the moti- vations of those involved in the international transfer and exchange of artifacts. Synthesis of the documentation shows variability in the tempo of collection acquisition and biases in geo- graphic interests that are tied to patterns of scientific inquiry, world wars, and later, adherence to antiquity laws and reorientation of modern paleoanthropological methods and approaches. Because we refer extensively to archived letters and memoranda in the text, Appendix 1 pro- vides a chronological list of these materials and the specific Smithsonian Institution archive where they are located. Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1375 2004-01-01T05:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1374 Title: The Ossuary of San Francisco Church, Quito, Ecuador: Human Skeletal Biology Authors: Ubelaker, Douglas H.; Ripley, Catherine E. Abstract: As part of the Columbus quincentenary activities, the Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural del Ecuador (INPCE) and the Agencia Espanola de Cooperacion Intemacional (AECI) attempted to study and restore the Convento de San Francisco de Quito, a facility founded in 1535. In 1990, these efforts included excavation of the central ossuary in the church. This research generated information about the structure of the ossuary as well as human remains. Detailed analysis of the human remains by the authors revealed the presence of at least 226 individuals from five spatial components of the ossuary. The remains likely date from the early history of the church in the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. Analysis of the five ossuary samples revealed information on mortuary customs, ancestry, cranial and postcranial morphology, living stature, and bone and dental pathology. Most of the data reported herein fall within ranges previously reported from prehistoric and historic sam- ples. Exceptions consist of high values of skeletal trauma, carious lesions, and antemortem loss of teeth reported for some of the ossuary samples. Tue, 20 Jul 1999 04:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1374 1999-07-20T04:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1373 Title: Skeleltal Biology of Human Remains from La Tolita, Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador Authors: Ubelaker, Douglas H. Abstract: Although much of the archeological site of La Tolita has been destroyed by decades of looting, excavations begun in 1982 by the Banco Central of Quito, Ecuador, located undisturbed areas and recovered relatively large samples of human remains representing both primary and secondary burials from various areas of the site. These generally can be dated within the La Tolita Temprano (600 BC to 200 BC), La Tolita Clasico (200 BC to 90 AD), and the La Tolita Tardio (90 AD to 400 AD) periods. Analysis indicated at least 88 individuals to be present: 7 Temprano, 32 Clasico, and 49 Tardio. Evidence for limited cranial deformation, flesh removal and dismemberment, and manufacturing artifacts from human bone were detected. The temporal transition from Clasico to Tardio involved reduction of trauma, dental caries, the ratio of immatures to adults, the male mean age at death, and periosteal lesions, coupled with increases in living stature, porotic hyperostosis, congenital disorders, and enamel hypoplasia. Compared to other archeologically recovered samples from early Ecuador, the La Tolita remains indicate a well-nourished, healthy population who experienced high levels of skeletal trauma. Thu, 15 May 1997 04:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1373 1997-05-15T04:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1372 Title: A Dictionary of Non-Scientific Names of Freshwater Crayfishes (Astacoidea and Parastacoidea), Including Other Words and Phrases Incorporating Crayfish Names Authors: Hart, C. W. , Jr. Abstract: A dictionary encompassing 1474 non-scientific names (vernacular, common, and fabricated) or freshwater crayfishes, including place-names and slang/argot expressions employing the word "crayfish" or its synonyms. Citations of most source materials are included, as well as examples of uses in literature over time. A Language Index of approximately 100 languages and/or dialects gives acess to sources and other data in the word list. A Species Index lists the non-scientific names usually associated with discrete crayfish species. Wed, 20 Apr 1994 04:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1372 1994-04-20T04:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1371 Title: The Flowering of Man: A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan, Volume II Authors: Breedlove, Dennis E.; Laughlin, Robert M. Abstract: This encyclopedic presentation of the plant knowledge of the Trotzil-speaking Mayans of Zinacantan, in the highlands of the state of Chiapas, Mexico, is the fruit of 30 years' investigation, beginning in 1960. Dennis E. Breedlove, botanist, and Robert M. Laughlin, ethnologist, gained their information from many hundred men, women, and children. Seventy-three men and two women, representing 26 Zinacantec communities, were hired consultants. The total of 2686 Tzotzil names for generics, specifics, and varietals refers to Latin determinations of 1484 species with an additional 30 identifications by genus. Introductory chapters describe the methodology and provide the geographic, historic, cultural, and linguistic context for "the Flora." lohn B. Haviland details Zinacantec flower marketing. "The Flora" is organized by life form, set or isolate, genus, species, and variety, according to native taxonomic principles. A morphological description of each plant is followed by its cultural context. The appendices include tables of Mayan botanical name cognates, a survey of plant cultivation per hamlet, Tzotzil-Latin and Latin-Tzotzil indices, a Tzotzil plant name synonymy, a listing of plant uses,and a massive cultural omnibus, providing a broad range of Tzotzil vocabulary devoted to plants. Thu, 15 Apr 1993 04:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1371 1993-04-15T04:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1370 Title: The Flowering of Man: A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan, Volume I Authors: Breedlove, Dennis E.; Laughlin, Robert M. Abstract: This encyclopedic presentation of the plant knowledge of the Trotzil-speaking Mayans of Zinacantan, in the highlands of the state of Chiapas, Mexico, is the fruit of 30 years' investigation, beginning in 1960. Dennis E. Breedlove, botanist, and Robert M. Laughlin, ethnologist, gained their information from many hundred men, women, and children. Seventy-three men and two women, representing 26 Zinacantec communities, were hired consultants. The total of 2686 Tzotzil names for generics, specifics, and varietals refers to Latin determinations of 1484 species with an additional 30 identifications by genus. Introductory chapters describe the methodology and provide the geographic, historic, cultural, and linguistic context for "the Flora." lohn B. Haviland details Zinacantec flower marketing. "The Flora" is organized by life form, set or isolate, genus, species, and variety, according to native taxonomic principles. A morphological description of each plant is followed by its cultural context. The appendices include tables of Mayan botanical name cognates, a survey of plant cultivation per hamlet, Tzotzil-Latin and Latin-Tzotzil indices, a Tzotzil plant name synonymy, a listing of plant uses,and a massive cultural omnibus, providing a broad range of Tzotzil vocabulary devoted to plants. Thu, 15 Apr 1993 04:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1370 1993-04-15T04:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1369 Title: The Canela (Eastern Timbira), I: An Ethnographic Introduction Authors: Crocker, William H. Abstract: This monograph is about the Canela Indians of the municipio of Barra do Corda, in the state of Maranhao, Brazil, and also about the neighboring Apanyekra, who are culturally very similar and are used here for comparisons. The Canela are also known as the Ramkokamekra-Canela, or the Eastern Timbira. These names were given to them in the monograph, "The Eastern Timbira," by Brazil's great ethnologist, Curt Nimuendaju (1946). The present monograph, referred to herein as the "Canela Introduction," is a product of 64 months of fieldwork over a period of 22 years. It is the first volume of several in a potential series. The Canela live in the ecologically intermediate cerrado area between tropical forest Amazonia and the dry Brazilian Northeast. First contacted over two centuries ago and pacified in 1814, they were largely hunters and gatherers, depending little on crops. Now, however, they support themselves principally by swidden agriculture, producing mostly bitter manioc and dry rice. Having passed through an acculturative nadir in the 1960s, they became adjusted to the backland Brazilians who were increasingly surrounding them in the 1970s. Their lands were legally demarcated between 1971 and 1978 by the Brazilian government's National Foundation of the Indian (FUNAI, the "Indian service") giving them security. Their population numbers increased from about 400 in 1968 to about 600 in 1978. Their sense of awareness as a people in the wider Brazilian setting began to develop in the late 1970s. Part I of this monograph describes the field situation and the methods used. Part II provides ethnographic background materials ranging from ecology and acculturation, through the various annual cycles, to material and recreative culture. Part III presents socialization, psychological orientations, and the social, political, and terminological (kinship) systems. Part IV is devoted to religion taken in its broadest sense and includes the festival system, individual rites of passage, mythical history and cosmology, and shamanism, ethnobiology, pollution, medicine. Part V is a presentation and analysis of the Canela's special kind of dualism. The epilogue brings the reader up to 1989 in certain topics, and the appendices provide information on the Canela research collections (material artifacts, photographs, films, magnetic tapes, manuscripts) at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Thu, 13 Dec 1990 05:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10088/1369 1990-12-13T05:00:00Z